First, China led industrial policy
In recent years, China's LED industry has maintained a good and rapid development trend, and has initially formed a relatively complete industrial chain from the upstream substrate, epitaxy, to midstream chips, to downstream packaging and application products, and integrated applications in the downstream. Aspects have certain advantages. At present, China has formed a LED industry gathering place focusing on the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta, the two sides of the Taiwan Strait and the northern region. The semiconductor lighting industry bases in seven countries such as Shanghai and Shenzhen are important growth poles.
In order to promote the rapid development of the LED industry, as early as the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, China increased its support for the LED industry, and successively issued a number of important support policies, including:
(1) Launching the "Semiconductor Lighting Project" and establishing a national industrial base.
In March 2003, China's "Tenth Five-Year Plan" scientific and technological breakthroughs in the "Semiconductor Lighting Industrialization Technology Development" major project was officially approved, marking the National Semiconductor Lighting Project has entered a substantive stage of advancement. In June of the same year, several ministries and commissions such as the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Information, as well as 11 local governments such as Beijing, established the National Semiconductor Lighting Project Coordination Group and formally launched China's "Semiconductor Lighting Project." In 2004, the Coordinating Leading Group and China Lighting Association jointly sponsored the “China International Semiconductor Lighting Forum†and successively approved the establishment of seven semiconductor lighting industry bases in Shanghai, Xiamen, Dalian, Nanchang, Shenzhen, Yangzhou, and Shijiazhuang, accelerating our country. The LED industry gathers in space and promotes the rapid development of the LED industry.
(B) the implementation of financial subsidies policy, organize the implementation of LED lighting demonstration projects.
In 2008, the Ministry of Finance and the National Development and Reform Commission jointly issued the Interim Measures for the Administration of Financial Subsidy Funds for the Promotion of High-Efficiency Lighting Products, which stipulated that high-efficiency lighting products should be indirectly subsidized at a subsidy rate of 30% to 50% of the supply price. In the same year, the Ministry of Science and Technology's "Ten City Ten Thousand" LED street lamp demonstration plan was formally implemented to accelerate the demonstration and promotion of LED products.
(3) Guiding documents issued specifically for industrial development.
In 2005, the country formulated the semiconductor lighting industry development plan and the 2006 technology development roadmap. In 2009, in order to further promote the healthy and orderly development of China's semiconductor lighting energy-saving industry, cultivate new economic growth points, expand consumer demand, and promote energy-saving and emission reduction, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Science and Technology jointly established the “Development of Semiconductor Lighting Energy-saving Industry †clearly put forward the three major areas of industrial development goals and technical equipment, lighting products and service systems, and proposed the development of LED industry from the aspects of overall planning, major projects, demonstration projects, standards systems, incentive policies and personnel training. Policy measures.
(4) Other policies to promote the development of the LED industry.
At present, China has issued many policy documents on the promotion of industrial development. Although some of these policies have not directly targeted the development of the LED industry, their implementation has provided a good policy environment for the development of the LED industry. Mainly in terms of industrial development, promotion and application, and product export, etc.: In terms of industrial development, in 2007, the State Development Planning Commission and the Ministry of Science and Technology released the “Key Priority Areas for High-tech Industrialization with Priority for the Development of the Countryâ€, pointing out that the power LED is an optoelectronic. The device is a new type of electronic display device and is a key industry supported by the state. The “Electronic Information Industry Adjustment and Revitalization Plan†issued in 2009 has clearly stated that it is necessary to ensure the steady growth of the electronic components industry including semiconductor lighting, increase the R&D production capacity of products, and initially form complete supporting and mutually supporting electronic components. Industrial system.
In terms of promotion and application, the “Administrative Regulations on Economical Use of Electricity†and “Administrative Regulations on Urban Road Lighting Facilities†issued in 2001, and the 2004 “Opinions of the Ministry of Construction and the National Development and Reform Commission on Strengthening Urban Lighting Management to Promote Conservation and Use of Electricity†"China has clearly stated that it is necessary to vigorously promote energy-saving technologies, increase the efficiency of electric energy utilization, and promote the use of highly efficient lighting appliances and energy-saving control technologies."
In terms of product export, the related products of the semiconductor lighting industry were included in the "High-tech Products Export Catalogue" newly revised in 2007, and the country can enjoy preferential policies for the export of high-tech products.
In addition, in terms of technological innovation, fiscal and taxation preferences, foreign capital utilization, and talents, China has also issued some policy documents that are conducive to the development of the LED industry. For example, high-tech enterprises can apply for a 15% tax reduction and exemption; Companies can enjoy R&D expenses plus deduction policy.
Second, Japan's LED industry policy "21st century light plan"
With the strong support of the Japanese government, the LED lighting industry has grown rapidly. LED lighting has accounted for 0.8% of Japan's lighting market in 2008. It is expected to reach 8% in 2015 and 25% in 2020. Nichia, Toyoda Gosei and other leading LED companies with global influence continue to emerge. The Japanese government has played a very important role in promoting the development of the LED industry. As early as 12 years ago, Japan has begun to implement the “21st Century Light Plan†that promotes the development and industrialization of semiconductor lighting technology. It is one of the first countries in the world to initiate LED industry policy. This article focuses on exploring the "21st Century Light Plan", Japan's most important LED industry policy, analyzing the development priorities of the two implementation phases before and after the plan, and summing up its enlightenment for the development of LED industry in Guangdong.
First, the first stage to promote technology research and development (1998-2002)
Authorize the authority organization to promote the implementation of the plan. Japan's "21st Century Light Project" (Development of High-Efficiency Photoelectric Conversion Compound Semiconductors) was established in March 1998 by the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (formerly the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, METI) as the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO, The New Energy And Industrial Technology DevElopment Organization provided funding, which was jointly implemented by NEDO and the Japan Metal Research and Development Center (JRCM, The Japan Research And Development Center For Metals). The R&D work was carried out by the Japan Electric Lamp Manufacturing Association in cooperation with 4 universities and 13 companies.
Judging from the situation at the time, Japan's active implementation of the "21st Century Light Plan" is mainly due to three considerations: First, for energy conservation, excellent energy-saving effects of LED products can save Japan a lot of energy, which is the most important reason. The second is to reduce emissions, once the popularity of LED lighting, will reduce 3.4 million tons of carbon dioxide each year, no doubt added a boost to the Kyoto Protocol carbon emissions. Third, for the sake of industry leadership, the Japanese government will focus on cultivating the international competitiveness of the local LED industry and maintain the leading position of Japanese LED technology led by Nichia Chemical, Toyota Synthesis and other companies.
The first phase of the plan focuses on promoting technology research and development. The first phase of the "21st Century Light Plan" emphasizes the basic research of LED technology. In 1998-2002, the Japanese government invested JPY 5 billion in the development of white light semiconductor lighting LEDs and new semiconductor materials, substrates, phosphors, and lighting fixtures (see Table 1). In 2005, it produced the ability to replace incandescent and fluorescent lamps. The first generation of general lighting LED light source. Japan has already achieved the first phase of the “21st Century Light Planâ€.
The completion of the first phase of the goal has largely contributed to the success of a group of leading LED companies in Japan. They have broken through a number of industry key and common technologies in the fields of GaN blue and green LEDs and established patents worldwide. This has formed Japan’s leading international advantage in the LED industry since the beginning of this century. For example, the world-famous Japanese companies that mastered the production and manufacturing technologies for epitaxial wafers such as polysilicon, silicon single crystals, and silicon wafers are the two companies, Shin-Etsu and Mitsubishi (which together with the other two German companies MEMC and Wacker control 70 percent of the world's silicon Epitaxial wafer market); Japanese companies that master GaAS substrate manufacturing technology include Hitachi Cable, Sumitomo Electric, Mitsubishi Chemicals, Shin-Etsu, etc.; Sumitomo Electric is the master of organic metal technology; Nenoto is the company that masters phosphor-related technologies. Optonix, etc.; Japanese companies that have mastered MOVCD equipment (commonly known as epitaxial furnace) manufacturing technologies include Nichia Chemical, Toyoda Gosei, and Sanso.
Second, the second phase to build and nurture demand markets (2003-2010)
The "21st Century Light Plan" is an important measure for Japan to implement a technology-leading development strategy in the LED field at the beginning of this century. The plan hopes that through the continuous breakthrough of technology, it will be possible to replace 50% of traditional lighting with white LED lighting in 2006 and reduce the national energy consumption target by about 10%. In fact, LED lighting accounted for only 0.8% of Japan's lighting market in 2008, which is related to the fact that LED price declines have not reached the expected level and the lag in market adoption and application. To this end, the Japanese government adjusted the focus of the implementation of the second phase of the “21st Century Light Planâ€, shifting from the first phase of promoting technology research and development to the second phase of construction and training demand markets. The technical problems are more dominated by industry and industry alliances. The direct financial investment of the government is gradually decreasing. The government hopes to open up the difficulties by nurturing the market and strengthening the promotion and application. Therefore, during the implementation of the second phase of the plan, the Japanese government has actively taken steps to promote the establishment of LED standards, tax incentive LED product promotion and application to expand the LED lighting market.
(I) Promoting the establishment of LED standards At present, the global LED industry standard has not yet been established. Although the International Standards Association has established the CIE-127 standard, it is also limited to some measurement standards. The reason is mainly that LED applications are widely used, and individual fields require great differences in product characteristics, and the lack of leading standards for leading companies is also an important factor. To this end, the Japanese government and manufacturers are very active in seizing the global advantage through the establishment of standards. In the past few years, under the organization of the Japanese government, the Japanese semiconductor lighting industry cooperated with the Japan Electric Lamp Manufacturing Association to standardize the style and measurement of LED products. Recently, more than 72 LED related companies in Japan have established LED lighting promotion associations. The standard integration and formulation, hope to reduce transaction costs between buyers and sellers through industry standards, thereby increasing Japanese manufacturers global competitive advantage. The major LED standards introduced in Japan include the formulation and improvement of the "General Principles of White LED Light Metering for Lighting." The Japanese Society of Illumination (JIES), Japan Lighting Committee (JCIE), Japan Lighting Industry Association (JIL), and Japan Electron Sphere Industry Association (JEL) established the common standard "General Principles of White LED Light Metering for Lighting" in 2004, becoming At present, the only measurement standard for white LEDs used in lighting has been the first to formulate several unconformed items such as the manufacture of standard LEDs, measurement methods for light intensity of small modules, and life assessment methods. Subsequently, four Japanese groups published a revised version of this standard in March 2006, adding and revising the original standard content, and made more detailed specifications on colorimetric measurement and luminous flux measurement methods. Overall, the standard's description is very detailed. It can be said that it is the most complete specification of the LED standard literature that can be found in the international stage at this stage. In the current situation where the industry still lacks a suitable general LED measurement specification, this standard will be an important reference.
The "Electrical Appliance Safety Law" was redrafted to regulate product attributes including LED products. In May 2010, Japan re-enacted the “Electrical Appliance Safety Law†to explicitly regulate the power supply, voltage, and fixed frequency of electronic light-emitting devices (LEDs, OLED lighting devices). The relevant official provisions are expected to be released before the first quarter of 2011 and will be implemented as soon as July 2011. However, for LED lighting fixtures, the current specification object includes only electric spherical lighting, that is, lamp-type lighting is outside the specification object. Although the "Electrical Appliance Safety Act" does not include lamp-type LED lighting, the Japanese government still hopes that companies can restrict themselves according to performance and safety, and form a "industry specification" that is not expressly prescribed.
(B) tax incentives LED products to promote the use of tax relief to encourage the procurement of LED products. In December 2005, Japan introduced the Promotion Tax Law to improve and improve the use of energy. It clearly stipulates that companies or institutions using LED lighting devices to replace incandescent lighting devices during 2006-2007 can obtain over 130% of the investment amount, or 7% of the investment amount. The tax rate reduction, in order to narrow the purchase cost difference between LED and traditional lighting devices, increase the enthusiasm of enterprises to use LED lighting, and expand the domestic LED lighting demand in Japan.
LED products are included in the "Eco-Point" energy-saving appliances subsidy program. To cope with the international financial crisis and stimulate demand in the domestic consumer market, in May 2009, the Japanese government began to implement the "Eco-Point" system of energy-saving appliance subsidies program, the implementation deadline for the end of 2010. The so-called Eco-Point system is mainly to reduce the cost equivalent to 5% of the product price to “consumers†in the way that the country bears the burden. At that time, consumers can use the accumulated points to exchange other products. LED lighting products have become the second batch of product subsidies granted after thin televisions, refrigerators, and air conditioners. At present, since the implementation of the Eco-Point system, the sales of related products have led to a significant growth, in which the share of LED lighting in Japan has rapidly increased from less than 1% in 2009 to 10% in February 2010, effectively playing a sustained role. Boost Japan's consumption and support the economic recovery.
Third, South Korea "LED lighting 2060 planning (medium and long-term LED roadmap)"
On June 8, 2011, the Korean government launched a new energy-saving goal: By 2020, it will implement 100% LED lighting for public utilities and increase the nationwide LED lighting penetration rate to 60%. In order to accomplish this goal, the government gave a substantial subsidy, which also provided favorable conditions for the development of the LED lighting market. In the future, South Korea will also promote LED lighting equipment for general buildings and residential buildings, as well as promote various LED projects to expand the influence of ESCOs and carbon emissions trading among the public.
The South Korean government formally introduced the “Green LED Lighting Popularization Development Program†at the report of the Green Growth Committee on June 8. Following the "LED Lighting 15/30 Popularization Project" in 2006 and the "LED Industry Development Strategy" in 2008, the Korean government has gradually expanded the use of LED lighting equipment in public utilities and promoted the rapid development of the domestic LED industry in Korea. The local LED penetration rate has reached 14%, and the penetration rate of public institutions has reached 8%. In 2006, there were a total of 260 Korean LED companies. By 2010, it had increased to 830, and large companies are now preparing to enter the international market. However, the domestic LED penetration rate in Korea is only about 2.5% (2010 figure). For this reason, the Korean government is making continuous efforts to launch new policies to encourage the popularization of LED.
At the same time, in order to accomplish the 2020 goal of energy conservation and emission reduction, it is necessary to significantly increase the use of electricity for lighting equipment and speed up the upgrading of lighting equipment, which accounts for 17.3% of the nation’s electricity consumption. By 2020, Korean LED lighting will reach 60% of the country's lighting equipment. To this end, the Korean government launched the "LED lighting 2060 plan (middle and long-term LED roadmap)." The main content of the plan is divided into four aspects:
(I) Establishing the roadmap for the adoption of LED lighting In order to complete the target of 30% and 60% LED penetration in 2015 and 2020 respectively, the Korean government has introduced the LED lighting popularization road map for the next 10 years.
According to the roadmap for popularization, the Korean government will stagely encourage and promote the development of products that meet the development level of LED lighting technology, and implement different types of popularization projects based on the domestic R&D of LED technology and the degree of commercial use. According to the current state of the art, there are incandescent light bulbs, halogen bulbs, light box lighting, and safety lights that can be replaced. The replacement of related equipment will begin formally this year.
In addition, considering that the technology of fluorescent lamps, high-intensity discharge lamps, street lamps, etc. needs further advancement, the replacement of these lighting equipment will be postponed until 2012.
(II) Opening up the LED lighting market in the public utility sector Due to the active promotion of LED lighting popularization projects in large-scale public utility companies, it is expected to expand market demand and expand the initial market in the future. To this end, the government has actively increased the amount of subsidy installations, and the range of subsidies provided has expanded from existing local governments and a few institutions to all public utilities. The cost subsidy has been expanded from the current 50% to 70%. The proportion of state support amounts is considered in the light of local governments’ and organizations’ financial self-financing capabilities and the degree of local development.
In addition, plans to expand the popularity of large-scale public LED lighting projects and expand support. South Korea's four major rivers, Sejong City, and industrial parks will require large-scale public facilities to install LED lighting equipment. The lighting of roads and transportation equipment such as subways, public transportation, street lamps, and railway lighting began to replace LEDs in 2012.
At the same time, after field visits, schools and other educational facilities also need to carry out periodic LED replacements. Taking into consideration the local government's ability to popularize LED and financial budget, a group of LED lighting demonstration cities will be selected to implement the "LED lighting pilot cities" project.
(III) Expanding the Needs of the General Public for LED The promotion of LED high-efficiency lighting in general buildings and houses needs to expand its scope in stages. Through the revision of "Building Energy-saving Facilities Standards" to increase the installation efficiency of LED and other efficient lighting equipment. Metro station parking lot lights, sensor lights and other LED high-efficiency lighting equipment will undergo periodical replacement.
The newly-built housing will implement the revised “Standards and Performance for Design of Environmentally-Friendly Housingâ€, and the completed housing will implement a policy of paid replacement. Large-scale R&D projects initiated by public utilities such as urban development projects will advance the process of LED efficient lighting installation. Outdoor light boxes in public places such as gas stations will expand their scope of use in accordance with the newly revised outdoor billboard management law.
To this end, South Korea will gradually increase the amount of low-interest financing of LED-ESCO, and its amount has increased from 50 billion won in 2011 to 300 billion won in 2015. It will also extend the time limit for tax-free investment in LED lighting, reduce the financial burden on companies, and provide support for increasing private demand.
The implementation of LED carbon trading system can reduce the price of LED lighting equipment by 30%, and increase the demand for LED lighting equipment replacement by 26% of consumers in the country. Compared with the government's investment in promoting the popularization of LED, it is better to promote the popularization of LED by improving the system. From 2011 to 2015, it will provide private subsidies of up to 100 billion won for traditional markets and small billboards to promote the popularity of LED.
(D), build a foundation for the popularization of LED South Korea to increase the development of LED core materials and components, LED lighting equipment efficiency will increase, and the price can also be reduced. In the future, the development of personalized advanced lighting technologies such as LED system lighting using IT technology will also be promoted.
In order to increase consumer confidence in LED lighting, the government will continue to expand the range of LED standards and certified products. High-quality LED lighting devices such as light efficiency, color, and longevity will become LED products that consumers are more willing to accept. In the future, the publicity system for comparative evaluation results of LED lighting products will be introduced to strengthen the after-sales service management of LED products.
At the same time, an LED product forum focusing on the general public will be established; the distribution of responsibility between LED large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises and organic cooperation systems will be strengthened to promote the common growth of large and medium-sized enterprises, and to find a success for the LED industry. Business development model.
In recent years, China's LED industry has maintained a good and rapid development trend, and has initially formed a relatively complete industrial chain from the upstream substrate, epitaxy, to midstream chips, to downstream packaging and application products, and integrated applications in the downstream. Aspects have certain advantages. At present, China has formed a LED industry gathering place focusing on the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta, the two sides of the Taiwan Strait and the northern region. The semiconductor lighting industry bases in seven countries such as Shanghai and Shenzhen are important growth poles.
In order to promote the rapid development of the LED industry, as early as the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, China increased its support for the LED industry, and successively issued a number of important support policies, including:
(1) Launching the "Semiconductor Lighting Project" and establishing a national industrial base.
In March 2003, China's "Tenth Five-Year Plan" scientific and technological breakthroughs in the "Semiconductor Lighting Industrialization Technology Development" major project was officially approved, marking the National Semiconductor Lighting Project has entered a substantive stage of advancement. In June of the same year, several ministries and commissions such as the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Information, as well as 11 local governments such as Beijing, established the National Semiconductor Lighting Project Coordination Group and formally launched China's "Semiconductor Lighting Project." In 2004, the Coordinating Leading Group and China Lighting Association jointly sponsored the “China International Semiconductor Lighting Forum†and successively approved the establishment of seven semiconductor lighting industry bases in Shanghai, Xiamen, Dalian, Nanchang, Shenzhen, Yangzhou, and Shijiazhuang, accelerating our country. The LED industry gathers in space and promotes the rapid development of the LED industry.
(B) the implementation of financial subsidies policy, organize the implementation of LED lighting demonstration projects.
In 2008, the Ministry of Finance and the National Development and Reform Commission jointly issued the Interim Measures for the Administration of Financial Subsidy Funds for the Promotion of High-Efficiency Lighting Products, which stipulated that high-efficiency lighting products should be indirectly subsidized at a subsidy rate of 30% to 50% of the supply price. In the same year, the Ministry of Science and Technology's "Ten City Ten Thousand" LED street lamp demonstration plan was formally implemented to accelerate the demonstration and promotion of LED products.
(3) Guiding documents issued specifically for industrial development.
In 2005, the country formulated the semiconductor lighting industry development plan and the 2006 technology development roadmap. In 2009, in order to further promote the healthy and orderly development of China's semiconductor lighting energy-saving industry, cultivate new economic growth points, expand consumer demand, and promote energy-saving and emission reduction, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Science and Technology jointly established the “Development of Semiconductor Lighting Energy-saving Industry †clearly put forward the three major areas of industrial development goals and technical equipment, lighting products and service systems, and proposed the development of LED industry from the aspects of overall planning, major projects, demonstration projects, standards systems, incentive policies and personnel training. Policy measures.
(4) Other policies to promote the development of the LED industry.
At present, China has issued many policy documents on the promotion of industrial development. Although some of these policies have not directly targeted the development of the LED industry, their implementation has provided a good policy environment for the development of the LED industry. Mainly in terms of industrial development, promotion and application, and product export, etc.: In terms of industrial development, in 2007, the State Development Planning Commission and the Ministry of Science and Technology released the “Key Priority Areas for High-tech Industrialization with Priority for the Development of the Countryâ€, pointing out that the power LED is an optoelectronic. The device is a new type of electronic display device and is a key industry supported by the state. The “Electronic Information Industry Adjustment and Revitalization Plan†issued in 2009 has clearly stated that it is necessary to ensure the steady growth of the electronic components industry including semiconductor lighting, increase the R&D production capacity of products, and initially form complete supporting and mutually supporting electronic components. Industrial system.
In terms of promotion and application, the “Administrative Regulations on Economical Use of Electricity†and “Administrative Regulations on Urban Road Lighting Facilities†issued in 2001, and the 2004 “Opinions of the Ministry of Construction and the National Development and Reform Commission on Strengthening Urban Lighting Management to Promote Conservation and Use of Electricity†"China has clearly stated that it is necessary to vigorously promote energy-saving technologies, increase the efficiency of electric energy utilization, and promote the use of highly efficient lighting appliances and energy-saving control technologies."
In terms of product export, the related products of the semiconductor lighting industry were included in the "High-tech Products Export Catalogue" newly revised in 2007, and the country can enjoy preferential policies for the export of high-tech products.
In addition, in terms of technological innovation, fiscal and taxation preferences, foreign capital utilization, and talents, China has also issued some policy documents that are conducive to the development of the LED industry. For example, high-tech enterprises can apply for a 15% tax reduction and exemption; Companies can enjoy R&D expenses plus deduction policy.
Second, Japan's LED industry policy "21st century light plan"
With the strong support of the Japanese government, the LED lighting industry has grown rapidly. LED lighting has accounted for 0.8% of Japan's lighting market in 2008. It is expected to reach 8% in 2015 and 25% in 2020. Nichia, Toyoda Gosei and other leading LED companies with global influence continue to emerge. The Japanese government has played a very important role in promoting the development of the LED industry. As early as 12 years ago, Japan has begun to implement the “21st Century Light Plan†that promotes the development and industrialization of semiconductor lighting technology. It is one of the first countries in the world to initiate LED industry policy. This article focuses on exploring the "21st Century Light Plan", Japan's most important LED industry policy, analyzing the development priorities of the two implementation phases before and after the plan, and summing up its enlightenment for the development of LED industry in Guangdong.
First, the first stage to promote technology research and development (1998-2002)
Authorize the authority organization to promote the implementation of the plan. Japan's "21st Century Light Project" (Development of High-Efficiency Photoelectric Conversion Compound Semiconductors) was established in March 1998 by the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (formerly the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, METI) as the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO, The New Energy And Industrial Technology DevElopment Organization provided funding, which was jointly implemented by NEDO and the Japan Metal Research and Development Center (JRCM, The Japan Research And Development Center For Metals). The R&D work was carried out by the Japan Electric Lamp Manufacturing Association in cooperation with 4 universities and 13 companies.
Judging from the situation at the time, Japan's active implementation of the "21st Century Light Plan" is mainly due to three considerations: First, for energy conservation, excellent energy-saving effects of LED products can save Japan a lot of energy, which is the most important reason. The second is to reduce emissions, once the popularity of LED lighting, will reduce 3.4 million tons of carbon dioxide each year, no doubt added a boost to the Kyoto Protocol carbon emissions. Third, for the sake of industry leadership, the Japanese government will focus on cultivating the international competitiveness of the local LED industry and maintain the leading position of Japanese LED technology led by Nichia Chemical, Toyota Synthesis and other companies.
The first phase of the plan focuses on promoting technology research and development. The first phase of the "21st Century Light Plan" emphasizes the basic research of LED technology. In 1998-2002, the Japanese government invested JPY 5 billion in the development of white light semiconductor lighting LEDs and new semiconductor materials, substrates, phosphors, and lighting fixtures (see Table 1). In 2005, it produced the ability to replace incandescent and fluorescent lamps. The first generation of general lighting LED light source. Japan has already achieved the first phase of the “21st Century Light Planâ€.
The completion of the first phase of the goal has largely contributed to the success of a group of leading LED companies in Japan. They have broken through a number of industry key and common technologies in the fields of GaN blue and green LEDs and established patents worldwide. This has formed Japan’s leading international advantage in the LED industry since the beginning of this century. For example, the world-famous Japanese companies that mastered the production and manufacturing technologies for epitaxial wafers such as polysilicon, silicon single crystals, and silicon wafers are the two companies, Shin-Etsu and Mitsubishi (which together with the other two German companies MEMC and Wacker control 70 percent of the world's silicon Epitaxial wafer market); Japanese companies that master GaAS substrate manufacturing technology include Hitachi Cable, Sumitomo Electric, Mitsubishi Chemicals, Shin-Etsu, etc.; Sumitomo Electric is the master of organic metal technology; Nenoto is the company that masters phosphor-related technologies. Optonix, etc.; Japanese companies that have mastered MOVCD equipment (commonly known as epitaxial furnace) manufacturing technologies include Nichia Chemical, Toyoda Gosei, and Sanso.
Second, the second phase to build and nurture demand markets (2003-2010)
The "21st Century Light Plan" is an important measure for Japan to implement a technology-leading development strategy in the LED field at the beginning of this century. The plan hopes that through the continuous breakthrough of technology, it will be possible to replace 50% of traditional lighting with white LED lighting in 2006 and reduce the national energy consumption target by about 10%. In fact, LED lighting accounted for only 0.8% of Japan's lighting market in 2008, which is related to the fact that LED price declines have not reached the expected level and the lag in market adoption and application. To this end, the Japanese government adjusted the focus of the implementation of the second phase of the “21st Century Light Planâ€, shifting from the first phase of promoting technology research and development to the second phase of construction and training demand markets. The technical problems are more dominated by industry and industry alliances. The direct financial investment of the government is gradually decreasing. The government hopes to open up the difficulties by nurturing the market and strengthening the promotion and application. Therefore, during the implementation of the second phase of the plan, the Japanese government has actively taken steps to promote the establishment of LED standards, tax incentive LED product promotion and application to expand the LED lighting market.
(I) Promoting the establishment of LED standards At present, the global LED industry standard has not yet been established. Although the International Standards Association has established the CIE-127 standard, it is also limited to some measurement standards. The reason is mainly that LED applications are widely used, and individual fields require great differences in product characteristics, and the lack of leading standards for leading companies is also an important factor. To this end, the Japanese government and manufacturers are very active in seizing the global advantage through the establishment of standards. In the past few years, under the organization of the Japanese government, the Japanese semiconductor lighting industry cooperated with the Japan Electric Lamp Manufacturing Association to standardize the style and measurement of LED products. Recently, more than 72 LED related companies in Japan have established LED lighting promotion associations. The standard integration and formulation, hope to reduce transaction costs between buyers and sellers through industry standards, thereby increasing Japanese manufacturers global competitive advantage. The major LED standards introduced in Japan include the formulation and improvement of the "General Principles of White LED Light Metering for Lighting." The Japanese Society of Illumination (JIES), Japan Lighting Committee (JCIE), Japan Lighting Industry Association (JIL), and Japan Electron Sphere Industry Association (JEL) established the common standard "General Principles of White LED Light Metering for Lighting" in 2004, becoming At present, the only measurement standard for white LEDs used in lighting has been the first to formulate several unconformed items such as the manufacture of standard LEDs, measurement methods for light intensity of small modules, and life assessment methods. Subsequently, four Japanese groups published a revised version of this standard in March 2006, adding and revising the original standard content, and made more detailed specifications on colorimetric measurement and luminous flux measurement methods. Overall, the standard's description is very detailed. It can be said that it is the most complete specification of the LED standard literature that can be found in the international stage at this stage. In the current situation where the industry still lacks a suitable general LED measurement specification, this standard will be an important reference.
The "Electrical Appliance Safety Law" was redrafted to regulate product attributes including LED products. In May 2010, Japan re-enacted the “Electrical Appliance Safety Law†to explicitly regulate the power supply, voltage, and fixed frequency of electronic light-emitting devices (LEDs, OLED lighting devices). The relevant official provisions are expected to be released before the first quarter of 2011 and will be implemented as soon as July 2011. However, for LED lighting fixtures, the current specification object includes only electric spherical lighting, that is, lamp-type lighting is outside the specification object. Although the "Electrical Appliance Safety Act" does not include lamp-type LED lighting, the Japanese government still hopes that companies can restrict themselves according to performance and safety, and form a "industry specification" that is not expressly prescribed.
(B) tax incentives LED products to promote the use of tax relief to encourage the procurement of LED products. In December 2005, Japan introduced the Promotion Tax Law to improve and improve the use of energy. It clearly stipulates that companies or institutions using LED lighting devices to replace incandescent lighting devices during 2006-2007 can obtain over 130% of the investment amount, or 7% of the investment amount. The tax rate reduction, in order to narrow the purchase cost difference between LED and traditional lighting devices, increase the enthusiasm of enterprises to use LED lighting, and expand the domestic LED lighting demand in Japan.
LED products are included in the "Eco-Point" energy-saving appliances subsidy program. To cope with the international financial crisis and stimulate demand in the domestic consumer market, in May 2009, the Japanese government began to implement the "Eco-Point" system of energy-saving appliance subsidies program, the implementation deadline for the end of 2010. The so-called Eco-Point system is mainly to reduce the cost equivalent to 5% of the product price to “consumers†in the way that the country bears the burden. At that time, consumers can use the accumulated points to exchange other products. LED lighting products have become the second batch of product subsidies granted after thin televisions, refrigerators, and air conditioners. At present, since the implementation of the Eco-Point system, the sales of related products have led to a significant growth, in which the share of LED lighting in Japan has rapidly increased from less than 1% in 2009 to 10% in February 2010, effectively playing a sustained role. Boost Japan's consumption and support the economic recovery.
Third, South Korea "LED lighting 2060 planning (medium and long-term LED roadmap)"
On June 8, 2011, the Korean government launched a new energy-saving goal: By 2020, it will implement 100% LED lighting for public utilities and increase the nationwide LED lighting penetration rate to 60%. In order to accomplish this goal, the government gave a substantial subsidy, which also provided favorable conditions for the development of the LED lighting market. In the future, South Korea will also promote LED lighting equipment for general buildings and residential buildings, as well as promote various LED projects to expand the influence of ESCOs and carbon emissions trading among the public.
The South Korean government formally introduced the “Green LED Lighting Popularization Development Program†at the report of the Green Growth Committee on June 8. Following the "LED Lighting 15/30 Popularization Project" in 2006 and the "LED Industry Development Strategy" in 2008, the Korean government has gradually expanded the use of LED lighting equipment in public utilities and promoted the rapid development of the domestic LED industry in Korea. The local LED penetration rate has reached 14%, and the penetration rate of public institutions has reached 8%. In 2006, there were a total of 260 Korean LED companies. By 2010, it had increased to 830, and large companies are now preparing to enter the international market. However, the domestic LED penetration rate in Korea is only about 2.5% (2010 figure). For this reason, the Korean government is making continuous efforts to launch new policies to encourage the popularization of LED.
At the same time, in order to accomplish the 2020 goal of energy conservation and emission reduction, it is necessary to significantly increase the use of electricity for lighting equipment and speed up the upgrading of lighting equipment, which accounts for 17.3% of the nation’s electricity consumption. By 2020, Korean LED lighting will reach 60% of the country's lighting equipment. To this end, the Korean government launched the "LED lighting 2060 plan (middle and long-term LED roadmap)." The main content of the plan is divided into four aspects:
(I) Establishing the roadmap for the adoption of LED lighting In order to complete the target of 30% and 60% LED penetration in 2015 and 2020 respectively, the Korean government has introduced the LED lighting popularization road map for the next 10 years.
According to the roadmap for popularization, the Korean government will stagely encourage and promote the development of products that meet the development level of LED lighting technology, and implement different types of popularization projects based on the domestic R&D of LED technology and the degree of commercial use. According to the current state of the art, there are incandescent light bulbs, halogen bulbs, light box lighting, and safety lights that can be replaced. The replacement of related equipment will begin formally this year.
In addition, considering that the technology of fluorescent lamps, high-intensity discharge lamps, street lamps, etc. needs further advancement, the replacement of these lighting equipment will be postponed until 2012.
(II) Opening up the LED lighting market in the public utility sector Due to the active promotion of LED lighting popularization projects in large-scale public utility companies, it is expected to expand market demand and expand the initial market in the future. To this end, the government has actively increased the amount of subsidy installations, and the range of subsidies provided has expanded from existing local governments and a few institutions to all public utilities. The cost subsidy has been expanded from the current 50% to 70%. The proportion of state support amounts is considered in the light of local governments’ and organizations’ financial self-financing capabilities and the degree of local development.
In addition, plans to expand the popularity of large-scale public LED lighting projects and expand support. South Korea's four major rivers, Sejong City, and industrial parks will require large-scale public facilities to install LED lighting equipment. The lighting of roads and transportation equipment such as subways, public transportation, street lamps, and railway lighting began to replace LEDs in 2012.
At the same time, after field visits, schools and other educational facilities also need to carry out periodic LED replacements. Taking into consideration the local government's ability to popularize LED and financial budget, a group of LED lighting demonstration cities will be selected to implement the "LED lighting pilot cities" project.
(III) Expanding the Needs of the General Public for LED The promotion of LED high-efficiency lighting in general buildings and houses needs to expand its scope in stages. Through the revision of "Building Energy-saving Facilities Standards" to increase the installation efficiency of LED and other efficient lighting equipment. Metro station parking lot lights, sensor lights and other LED high-efficiency lighting equipment will undergo periodical replacement.
The newly-built housing will implement the revised “Standards and Performance for Design of Environmentally-Friendly Housingâ€, and the completed housing will implement a policy of paid replacement. Large-scale R&D projects initiated by public utilities such as urban development projects will advance the process of LED efficient lighting installation. Outdoor light boxes in public places such as gas stations will expand their scope of use in accordance with the newly revised outdoor billboard management law.
To this end, South Korea will gradually increase the amount of low-interest financing of LED-ESCO, and its amount has increased from 50 billion won in 2011 to 300 billion won in 2015. It will also extend the time limit for tax-free investment in LED lighting, reduce the financial burden on companies, and provide support for increasing private demand.
The implementation of LED carbon trading system can reduce the price of LED lighting equipment by 30%, and increase the demand for LED lighting equipment replacement by 26% of consumers in the country. Compared with the government's investment in promoting the popularization of LED, it is better to promote the popularization of LED by improving the system. From 2011 to 2015, it will provide private subsidies of up to 100 billion won for traditional markets and small billboards to promote the popularity of LED.
(D), build a foundation for the popularization of LED South Korea to increase the development of LED core materials and components, LED lighting equipment efficiency will increase, and the price can also be reduced. In the future, the development of personalized advanced lighting technologies such as LED system lighting using IT technology will also be promoted.
In order to increase consumer confidence in LED lighting, the government will continue to expand the range of LED standards and certified products. High-quality LED lighting devices such as light efficiency, color, and longevity will become LED products that consumers are more willing to accept. In the future, the publicity system for comparative evaluation results of LED lighting products will be introduced to strengthen the after-sales service management of LED products.
At the same time, an LED product forum focusing on the general public will be established; the distribution of responsibility between LED large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises and organic cooperation systems will be strengthened to promote the common growth of large and medium-sized enterprises, and to find a success for the LED industry. Business development model.
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