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Numerous low-power industrial sensors and controllers are seeking to use non-traditional energy sources as primary or supplementary power sources. Transducers that generate power using off-the-shelf physical power sources (eg, thermoelectric generators or thermopiles, piezoelectric or electromechanical devices, and photovoltaic devices) are becoming an adapter power source for many applications. By using only the collected energy, many wireless sensors, remote monitors, and other low-power applications are steadily becoming devices that are close to "zero" power (often referred to by some as "micropower").

Although energy harvesting has emerged since the beginning of 2000, recent technological developments have driven it to commercial scale. In short, in 2010, we were ready for the “growth” phase of energy harvesting. Automated sensor applications developed using energy harvesting technology have emerged in Europe, suggesting that the growth phase may have begun.

Commercially Accepted Although the concept of energy harvesting has been around for many years, system deployment in real-world environments has been slow due to the complexity and cost. Despite this, there are still some markets that use energy harvesting systems, including transportation infrastructure, wireless medical equipment, tire pressure testing, and building automation. In the case of building automation, with human sensors, thermostats, and optical switches, the system uses an energy harvesting system instead of the power or control circuitry normally required.

Similarly, wireless networks using energy harvesting technology can connect any number of sensors together in a building. When there is no one in the building, the cost of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting can be reduced by turning off the power to the non-essential area. In addition, the cost of energy harvesting electronics is often lower than the cost of using inspection lines, so there is clearly an economic benefit to using energy harvesting technology.

A typical energy harvesting configuration or system (shown in Figure 1) typically consists of a free energy source such as a thermoelectric generator (TEG) or thermopile connected to a heat source (such as a HVAC pipeline). These small thermoelectric devices convert small temperature differences into electrical energy and then use energy harvesting circuitry to convert and adjust this electrical energy to the form of power available to downstream circuits. These downstream electronics typically consist of certain types of sensors, analog to digital converters, and ultra low power microcontrollers. These components now accept the collected energy as current and wake up a sensor to obtain readings or measurements before transmitting it through an ultra-low power wireless transceiver.