Functional programming can support a more efficient blockchain infrastructure. Who is using it and why?
To say that blockchain technology is very attractive is an understatement. Hundreds of blockchain projects have been deployed, and hundreds more will be launched in the coming months. As the company develops more advanced blockchain infrastructure and applications, the future surrounding blockchain technology will become more certain.
Some of the most famous programming languages ​​used in blockchain platform development are object-oriented languages. So far, languages ​​such as C++, Python and Ruby have dominated the development of blockchain.
If there is anything to say about recent developments, then it is none other than functional programming languages. They provide the unique features of blockchain technology to help demonstrate its important comparative advantages.
So, what functional programming languages ​​are currently being used to develop open blockchain protocols? Here are a few examples.
Functional programming language
·OCaml
OCaml is a functional programming language that has stood the test of time. It has a static type system, which helps eliminate runtime errors. Compared to programs written in cor Java, programs written in OCaml generally start and run faster and consume less memory.
Other features of OCaml include first-class lexical closures, parameter polymorphism, exception handling, tail recursion and pattern matching, and support for external function interfaces linked to C primitives. There are also garbage collector features for automatic memory management.
·Haskell
Haskell is a purely functional programming language based on lambda calculus. It has a user-friendly grammar, an extensive collection of physical libraries, and fantastic resources to support education. These play an important role in reference materials for developers.
Haskell also has top-level tools, a declarative style, and static strong typing. These features make Haskell a good choice when building high-performance applications.
·Erlang
Erlang is a functional programming language used to build powerful program systems distributed on computer networks. It has been used in the telecommunications industry for more than 30 years, and currently 90% of Internet traffic is carried through erlang-controlled nodes. As a functional language, it focuses more on the evaluation of expressions. Expressions use functions to obtain basic values.
Erlang began to support multithreading before any other programming language. It provides garbage collection, uses virtual machines, and has pattern matching, which allows for compact and clear programs. Erlang provides interfaces to other programming languages ​​such as C, C++, and Rust.
Erlang is considered a high-level language, especially when developing required back-end systems.
·A large number of concurrent activities
·Real-time response
·Uninterrupted operation and fault tolerance
Now that you know one or two examples of functional programming languages, let's take a look at what makes them particularly suitable for blockchains.
Advantages of functional programming languages
·Invariance
Generally speaking, functional programming languages ​​have no variable variables; once you set a value, it cannot be changed. This makes code behavior easier to predict, reduces the number of system errors, and improves system stability.
·Fault Tolerance
Fault tolerance is where the system continues to run, even if a failure occurs. Some functional programming languages, such as Erlang, have fault tolerance by default.
·Easy to parallelize and highly distributed
Functional programming languages ​​enable you to create highly parallel and highly distributed systems. Built-in iteration functions, such as map and reduce, are useful in blockchain development.
Although there are more advantages, let us delve into something more interesting. But have you heard of any blockchain that includes functional programming? continue reading…
Blockchain protocol using functional programming
·Tezos
Tezos is a blockchain project that aims to provide "the world's first" self-correcting "cryptocurrency". It is an autonomous, decentralized blockchain platform that uses blockchain governance to help it upgrade its protocol over time. In another authorized (DPoS) method, a consensus is reached with the so-called "Proof of Liquidity" method.
Tezos is implemented in OCaml, a functional programming language that provides high speed, clear syntax and semantics, and an ecosystem that makes Tezos a good candidate for proving correctness. Formal verification is when developers can mathematically prove the accuracy of their smart contract code.
·Cardano
Cardano is a decentralized, blockchain-based open source platform that uses a mathematical calculation method called Ouroboros. Ouroboros can generate consensus by voting by the holders.
The Cardano blockchain is written in Haskell. It uses a purely functional programming language, using powerful static types and formal specifications to define its smart contracts. The syntax of Plutus is quite similar to Haskell, but unlike Haskell, the language has been enthusiastically evaluated.
·Æternity
"Æternity" is a blockchain-based platform with smart contracts and decentralized applications. Like Tezos and Cardano, "æternity" is written in Erlang.
Sophia is a programming language of the ML family. It does not have an arbitrary variable state, but for each contract instance, there is a finite state form. It is a robust language that can specify and automatically prove the attributes of smart contracts, so it is very suitable for high-value, system-critical smart contracts.
In addition to Erlang, the core protocol also contains many other technical features that make it stand out:
State channel-This technology is used to significantly improve the scalability of transactions and smart contracts by moving them from the slower main chain (non-chain) to other places. In addition to scalability, an additional benefit to state channels is increased privacy, because all transactions or contracts between parties participating in the channel are private. In addition, since all interactions between users are private, smart contracts and transactions can be executed in parallel.
·Bitcoin-NG—In order to improve the usability of mobile decentralized applications, the transaction speed of the main chain must also be increased. This is achieved by implementing Bitcoin-NG, a next-generation consensus protocol that supports higher transaction speeds while maintaining the decentralization of the system.
· Naming system-an integrated naming system is also a part of unity. Any address, smart contract, or oracle can have a human-readable name instead of a string of numbers and letters, just like most other blockchain platforms. This improves user-friendliness and helps smart contract developers.
·Integrated Oracles—Any AE user can become or use an oracle, and there is a special transaction on this blockchain. Oracles report real-world events and provide triggers for smart contracts. This increases the utility of smart contracts and realizes their full destructive potential.
·On-chain governance-realizes a kind of equity change, allowing AE users to formally express their opinions on any topic. Any AE user can sign a transaction with their AE balance to ask or answer questions. The æternity governance system is similar to a form of liquid democracy implemented in the blockchain. The voting results indicate to developers what the community thinks of various topics, including basic system variables such as block size, block reward, or block time. The voting result is not binding, but it is symbolic in form.
·Proof of work mining-Unlike many new blockchain platforms, it uses a controversial governance mechanism and establishes a controversial consensus building mechanism, which relies on a proven workload proof method.
If you are curious about the team behind terof-you will know that this project is supported by Erlang and some of the most experienced developers in the blockchain community. Robert Virding, the co-founder of Erlang, is one of the most prolific and famous members of the open source Erlang community. Sascha Hanse, a world-class blockchain developer, is part of this team. At the forefront of this movement is the founder Yanislav Malahov, who is known as the godfather of Ethereum because he was involved in the project from the very beginning.
in conclusion
Functional programming languages ​​are entering the blockchain field. Their characteristics make them particularly suitable for the development of distributed ledger protocols and smart contracts. In the blockchain space, some of the most technologically advanced projects have turned to functional programming with scalability, stability, and fault tolerance. Those developers who are concerned about blockchain technology should consider exploring functional programming. It is very likely that it is the basis of the most practical smart contract platform.
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